Battle of the Mog

"A formation under a General waits for the General. A formation without one waits for nothing."Grand Admiral Tyson Vol, order to the Home and Binami Battle Forces, 0955, 2 February 2334

The Battle of the Mog was the first decisive fleet engagement of the Voor War, fought in the Haedus system on the Voor side of the Ciriban Gulf between the Grand Armada of the United Nations of Earth and the Haedus group of the Voor Legion. The Navy dates the battle from 26 January to 1 February 2334 by the operation's orders; its main action was fought on 2 February. It takes its name from Indata Mog, the Voor world at the centre of the system, whose newer city the human charts label New Indata Mog.

The battle was the culmination of Operation Mirage, the five-month campaign of deception with which the Navy opened the war. Mirage persuaded the Voor High Command that the main human fleet stood in the south, at Media, and drew two of the Haedus group's seven hearths there. The Home Fleet meanwhile moved in secret to Cirban and joined the Binami Fleet, one jump from Haedus.

On 26 January 2334 two strike fleets struck the system's southern edge to imitate a main fleet's approach. General Volar Vex obtained the High Command's sanction to meet it and took his five hearths out of Indata Mog's orbit on 30 January. The combined Home and Binami Fleets, 200 hulls under Grand Admiral Tyson Vol, arrived unseen at the northern edge on 31 January and attacked the Haedus group from three directions on 2 February. The flagship Acheron was destroyed at 1158 with Vex aboard, and the four remaining hearths, left without a General, were defeated one at a time.

The Confederacy lost four of its five hearths and about 400,000 Voor. The Grand Armada lost two battleships and eleven smaller hulls, with 14,000 dead. It was the first time the Legion's hearths had been defeated in a large engagement since the Fevarian wars, a thousand years before, and it opened the road to Hiverion, the Voor capital, one jump beyond Haedus.

Background

Haedus and War Plan Purple

Haedus was the Confederacy's Gulf. Its third planet held 200 million Voor, the Legion's Gulf headquarters, the yards that maintained the Gulf formations, and the anchorage the Haedus group sat in. The system lay one Voor jump from Cirban, the human system at the treaty line, and one from Hiverion. To take Haedus was to take the Legion's forward base and to put the Grand Armada a jump from the Voor capital. War Plan Purple named it in 2320 as the place where the war's first decisive engagement would have to be fought.

Purple rested on a single observation from the Institute of Xenology's study of the Voor, compiled from the Asimov's years inside the Confederacy. Every Voor engagement needed a General's sanction, and every General's move needed the High Command's. A Legion that could be made to ask for sanction in three places at once would, for as long as the High Command took to answer, be in none of them. Purple's last paragraph assumed that the Legion would fight the way the study said it did.

Purple's authors also accepted a hard limit. A hearth carried a field no human weapon could break quickly and a projector that reached 200,000 kilometres, two and a half times the range at which the Navy's heaviest rail could hurt it. Five concentrated hearths on their own terms would destroy any fleet the United Nations of Earth could put against them. The plan therefore never sought a battle on the Legion's terms. It sought to make the Legion fight in the open, divided, and waiting for orders.

The Legion's plans

When the United Nations of Earth declared war on 7 August 2333, the Legion's Gulf formations held twelve hearths in two groups. The Haedus group of seven stood under Vex, and the Swur group of five under the General the Navy's reports call Ahnar Varn. A third General held the anchorage and the reserve at Kastaba. The Legion's plan, which the Navy's pickets read from where the hearths were and the Institute confirmed after the war, was a northern offensive through Myrum into Nomotar, to reduce the three forts there and open the road to Binami, while the Swur group held the south. It was to begin in October.

Operation Mirage

The Navy's answer was Operation Mirage, a campaign of deception and small strikes designed to confuse the Gulf formations and draw them apart. On 12 September 2333 Alpha Fleet raided Myrum and Bravo Fleet raided Kastaba in the same six-hour window, destroying the anchorage and depot from which the northern offensive was to have staged. The Haedus group asked Hiverion for sanction to secure its rear, the High Command took nine days to give it, and on 4 October the High Commander cancelled the northern offensive.

Through October and November Charlie Fleet struck the Achernar and Swur systems, to be seen rather than to destroy. On 28 October the High Commander sanctioned Varn's request to move the Swur group forward to Media. At the First Battle of Media on 6 November 2333 the Swur group met the Saolea and Home Fleets combined, 140 hulls, at the platforms of Media's Pillai radius. Varn withdrew to Swur on 7 November with his hearths intact. His conclusion was that the federation's main strength lay in the south. Through November the High Command shifted the Gulf's posture south, moving two of the Haedus group's hearths to Swur.

On 9 November the Home Fleet jumped from Media north-west, in three jumps over sixteen days, and joined Admiral Peter Ndambiri's Binami Fleet at Cirban on 25 November 2333. The Saolea Fleet stayed at Media with Charlie Fleet and made itself visible. The Legion's pickets at Media's edge saw a fleet that was still there, and the Voor court's record shows no report of the Home Fleet's departure until December. The Haedus group, reduced to five hearths, sat one jump from a fleet of 200 hulls it did not know was there.

Intelligence

The Navy's knowledge of the Haedus group came from the stealth corvettes of the Buckler class, twenty of which stood on station at Voor anchorages from July 2333 and reported to the intelligence section of the Cirban station. Two Bucklers lay cold at Haedus's outer edge through December and January. Their count of the anchorage, five hearths, 18 heavy cruisers, 30 light cruisers and 90 destroyers, reached Cirban by courier on 29 December 2333 and was the basis of Vol's order. The pickets also mapped the sensor network at the system's edge: 140 nodes and satellite platforms in a shell at about 60 astronomical units, spaced so that any arrival flash would be seen by at least three of them.

The Institute's study supplied the rest. It held that the Legion's sanction ran up the chain and back down it: a Fleet Commander waited on the General, the General on the High Command, and a General present in the battle answered for his formation in his own person. The study's authors expected that a formation which lost its General in action would not fight as one formation again until a new General reached it.

Opposing forces

United Nations of Earth

Grand Admiral Tyson Vol commanded the Grand Armada from the carrier Glory. For the Mog he committed the Home Fleet and the Binami Fleet together, 200 hulls, with Alpha and Bravo Fleets, 44 hulls, as the decoy force.

The Home Battle Force, under Fleet Admiral Ruben de Haas, who gave up the Chief of Staff's desk to command it, flew its flag in the battleship Orion. It held the Orion-class battleships Orion, Odin and Osiris and the Octavian-class battleships, with heavy cruisers of the Aegis and Perseus classes and the Home Fleet's light forces.

The Binami Battle Force, under Admiral Saul Goldburg in the Octavian-class battleship Onyx, held the four Meteor-class battlecruisers, 1,020 metres long and the fastest heavy ships in the Navy, with the Binami Fleet's cruisers and escorts.

The two carrier forces, under Admirals Giorgi Kolelishvili and Amy Diego, held four Gladiator-class light carriers with 2,200 strike craft between them: drones of 40 tonnes and fighter-bombers of 90, each carrying one missile.

In all the two fleets brought six battleships, four battlecruisers, four carriers, nine heavy cruisers, twenty light cruisers, forty frigates and a hundred corvettes.

Alpha Fleet, under Admiral Scarlet Maynard, and Bravo Fleet, under Admiral Valentina Zhao, were strike fleets of four Thalanx-class light cruisers, six heavy frigates or Ravens and twelve corvettes each, built to jump, strike and charge.

Voor Confederacy

The Haedus group stood under General Volar Vex, a member of the High Command, whose rank human records rendered as Admiral. His flagship was the hearth the Navy called the Acheron, whose Voor name the Institute's linguists render as The Hearth That Keeps the Order at the Threshold, the oldest Praetor-class hull in the Gulf and the ship that founded Indata Mog. With her were four hearths of the same class, among them the sister of the Vur Duri, whose Voor name is rendered The Hearth of the Long Watch Over Green Fields.

The escort was 18 heavy cruisers of the Kor and Vol classes, 30 light cruisers of the Lorni and To Varn classes, and 90 destroyers of the Vur, Darmi and Durkna classes. The group could also draw on Indata Mog's orbital defences and on the sensor and satellite network at the system's edge.

The Navy gave the other four hearths reporting names after the rivers of the Greek underworld, in the pattern the Acheron had set: the Phlegethon (the Vur Duri's sister), the Styx, the Lethe and the Cocytus. Each hearth carried about 120,000 Voor, its Legionaries and their families.

The Fleet Commanders of the four hearths under the Acheron were, by the names the Institute recovered from prisoners after the battle, Taru Okhal of the Phlegethon, Dem Arvesh of the Styx, Ulan Sorr of the Cocytus and Mehr Ivani of the Lethe. Each commanded a hearth, its share of the escort, and the Legionaries and families aboard. None held a General's sanction in his own right, and none could engage, withdraw or change formation without an order from Vex or from Hiverion.

The Institute's linguists render the Voor names of the other three as The Hearth That Remembers the First Fire (the Styx), The Hearth Beneath the Western Wind (the Lethe) and The Hearth That Holds the Line of Stones (the Cocytus).

Weapons and tactics

Every warship of the period was a torch ship with a Pillai drive. No ship could jump inside a gravity well, so every battle was fought at a system's edge or in the long fall inward from it. The hearths' plasma projectors reached 200,000 kilometres and arrived in under a second, and every Voor hull carried a field. Human hulls carried the weaker Maweer pattern of field; on the Consortium's tests a battleship's field held for twenty minutes under plasma fire. The Navy's heaviest weapon, the mega driver, threw 2,000 kilograms at 120 kilometres a second and could hurt a hearth at 80,000 kilometres. Missiles with field-piercing warheads were fired from 150,000 kilometres, and strike craft went in by the hundred.

The arithmetic of the battle followed from those ranges. A human line closing on concentrated hearths spent the band between 200,000 and 80,000 kilometres under fire it could not return, and its fields bought that time and little more. Purple's answer was to divide the hearths' fire: to bring rails in from a second direction and strike craft from a third, so that no hearth could put all its projectors on the ships that could hurt it.

Prelude

Vol's order

Vol issued the order for the operation on 2 January 2334. The Home and Binami Fleets spent the following three weeks at Cirban behind the forts Delambre, Hellas Gate and Pauldron, rehearsing the approach in the system's outer reaches and loading the carriers to full complement. The plan fixed the decoy's arrival for 26 January and the main fleet's for 31 January, so that the decoy would have five days to draw the Haedus group out before the main fleet arrived.

The decoy, 26 to 30 January

Alpha and Bravo Fleets arrived at Haedus's southern Pillai radius on 26 January 2334 and did what they had done at Myrum and Kastaba, at a volume calculated to be seen. Over two days Maynard's and Zhao's light cruisers and Ravens struck the Legion's sensor nodes and unmanned satellite defences at the edge, one after another, in a pattern the Institute's analysts had designed to look to a Voor commander like the screen of a main fleet clearing its approach. Their corvettes made flashes at three points of the edge, jumping out and back, so that the Legion's remaining sensors reported arrivals that were not there. Bravo's Ravens fired at extreme range on the outermost of the Haedus group's escorts and withdrew.

Vex had the report of the Media battle and the High Command's November judgment that the federation's strength lay in the south, and he believed what he saw. He asked Hiverion for sanction to engage on 27 January. Hiverion, a day's jump away, gave it on the 29th. On 30 January the Haedus group, five hearths and their escorts, left Indata Mog's orbit and fell outward toward the southern edge at 0.3 g.

By the time the group sortied, the decoy had destroyed 51 of the network's 140 nodes, all of them in the northern and eastern sectors of the shell. The southern nodes were left standing so that the Haedus group could watch the decoy, and the northern ones were taken down so that it could not watch anything else.

Battle

31 January: the northern arrival

The Home Fleet and the Binami Fleet arrived at Haedus's northern edge at 0400 ship's time on 31 January 2334, on the opposite side of the system, 60 astronomical units from the Haedus group and on the far side of the planet it had left. They fell inward at once. They had not been seen, because the sensor network that would have seen them was the one Alpha and Bravo had spent five days destroying.

The Haedus group now had a fleet behind it, a decoy in front of it, and a planet between it and its base. The doctrine said a formation must concentrate, and Vex did what the doctrine said. He turned the whole formation about and came back toward Indata Mog and the northern threat at 0.3 g. That put his five hearths and their 138 escorts in the open, at the system's edge, on a known course.

1 February: the flanking jump

Vol used the time the closing took. The strike came from three vectors. De Haas's battle force, with the Orion, the Odin, the Osiris and the Octavians, took the northern approach that the Legion could see and closed at 0.05 g in line, so that Vex's formation, as the doctrine required, turned to meet it and concentrated its projectors on the ships whose rails could hurt a hearth. Goldburg's battle force, with the Onyx and the battlecruisers, jumped out on 1 February, 24 hours before contact, to the system's eastern edge. It came in on the Haedus group's flank, and the flash of its arrival was read by the Legion, without its sensor network, as another decoy. The carriers stayed north, behind de Haas.

2 February: the opening exchange

The Haedus group opened fire at 200,000 kilometres at 0820 on 2 February, as it had to. The first exchange was the one every battle of the war began with: the Legion's projectors on the battle force's fields, the fields holding, and the fleet counting the minutes. On the Orion, which took the Acheron's projectors, the field held for fourteen minutes, not the twenty of the Consortium's tests. De Haas's line came on through the fire at 0.05 g, closing the range the fields bought. At 80,000 kilometres, at 0855, the rails opened: eight mega drivers, each throwing 2,000 kilograms at 120 kilometres a second into the hearths' fields every minute, from a line that was still coming.

The hearths' fields held the rails, and the hearths' projectors began to kill. The Orion's field failed at 0902. She took two discharges through the forward magazine and was gutted from the bow to the third turret in a minute. Rear Admiral Prince George Tupou died with her and with 4,000 of her crew. The Osiris's field failed at 0911, and she lost her rail and her drive and fell out of the line. De Haas shifted his flag to the Odin by shuttle at 0920 and kept the line closing.

The swarm

At 0900 the swarm arrived. The carriers had launched everything at that hour, when the two battle forces and the Haedus group were 150,000 kilometres apart and the hearths had turned to meet de Haas. Two thousand two hundred strike craft went into the escort screen from the north, in a formation the Navy had built for five years and the Legion had seen once, at Nomotar, at a tenth of the scale. The destroyers of the screen had turned to face de Haas and were struck from behind, from above and from every angle the doctrine did not provide for. The screen came apart. Sixty destroyers were hit in the first pass.

The hearths' projectors engaged the swarm because the swarm was closer, and so they engaged the battle force less. At 60,000 kilometres the rails of the Odin and the Octavians began to put slugs through the hearths' fields into their hulls.

The action report of the 14th Strike Squadron of the carrier Retiarius, the first squadron into the screen, describes the method. Its 48 fighter-bombers came in above the screen's plane at 0858 behind a wave of 120 drones, which drew the destroyers' point defence. The fighter-bombers released their missiles at 3,000 kilometres and turned out below the plane. The squadron lost eleven craft and claimed four destroyers. Its report records that the destroyers were still facing de Haas's line when the squadron reached them.

The flank attack

At 0940 Goldburg's force arrived on the flank. The Onyx and the four Meteors, coming in from the east at 0.06 g with their rails bearing, took the Haedus group in the flank at 70,000 kilometres. The formation had concentrated on the north as the doctrine required. It now had rails on two sides and a swarm above, and it did what the Institute's study had said it would do: it asked for sanction.

The Legion's Fleet Commanders, whose General was on the Acheron and whose Acheron was under fire from two directions, held their positions and their formation and waited for Vex's orders. Vex, whose ship was the one the Navy had built the battle to kill, was giving them. The hearths did not scatter. They did not charge, as the Navy's officers had half expected. They held, concentrated, in a formation built to annihilate an enemy in front of it, while the enemy came at them from three sides and the escort screen that should have held their flanks died around them. The hearths that were meant to turn the tide of any battle were fixed in the one kind of battle they had never been built for.

Loss of the Acheron

From 1000 the Navy's focus was the flagship. Vol's order, passed to both battle forces at 0955, was to concentrate every rail and every missile in range on the Acheron. It rested on the plan's judgment that a Legion formation under a General waited for the General and that a formation without one waited for nothing. For two hours the Orion's survivors, the Odin, the Octavians and the four Meteors put slugs into the oldest hearth in the Gulf, while the carriers' second wave, launched at 1030, went for her escorts and then for her.

Her field failed at 1108, after an hour and eight minutes under the fire of eleven rails. The Institute's analysts have never established whether it failed from damage or from the power the hearth had spent on her projectors, which had by then destroyed the Osiris, the light cruiser Triarii, the Castellion-class frigates Charon, Cossack and Cicero, the Circe-class frigate Calvary and eight corvettes. The rails went through her hull from 1110. The strike craft went in at close range from 1130, in the sixth wave of the day. The fighter-bombers, whose crews had been told what the target was, put field-piercing missiles into her projector mounts and her drive section and, at 1152, into a magazine.

The Acheron broke at 1158 on 2 February 2334: five kilometres of grown hull and 120,000 Voor, the formation's General, his staff, his Legionaries and their families. The Navy's histories record that the fleet did not cheer, because the fleet had been told what a hearth carried.

The four hearths

With the flagship gone, the formation's order went. The four remaining hearths had no General and no sanction, and four Fleet Commanders. Each did what its doctrine and its Commander's judgment told it, which was four different things. One held, one turned for Indata Mog, one turned on Goldburg's force and one charged de Haas's line. Vol's fleet, which had been built to fight hearths one at a time, fought them one at a time.

The hearth that charged was the Vur Duri's sister, The Hearth of the Long Watch Over Green Fields. She reached 40,000 kilometres of the Odin before the rails of the Odin and an Octavian and 600 strike craft stopped her, and she broke at 1420 with all aboard.

The hearth that turned on Goldburg's force lost her field to the Meteors' rails at 1500 and her drive at 1540. Her Commander abandoned her, took her surviving escorts out to the edge and jumped for Hiverion on 4 February. The Navy's boarding parties found her on the 5th, empty of the living and full of the dead. She was scuttled on Vol's order on the 8th.

The hearth that held was reduced over the night of 2 to 3 February by rails and swarm until she stopped firing. On the 4th she was found to be a wreck with 20,000 Voor alive aboard her, whom the fleet took off over three weeks.

The hearth that turned for Indata Mog reached it, and the planet's orbital defences. She was the only one of the Haedus group's five that the Navy did not destroy or capture, and she sat in Indata Mog's orbit until September.

Boarding of the Styx

The Navy's boarding parties reached the Styx on 5 February. A company of the 3rd Marine Battalion from the light cruiser Legatus entered through the breach the Meteors' rails had opened in her drive section and spent two days crossing her. Its report describes decks laid out in rings around a central hall, and the dead, most of them in the inner decks where the families lived. The marines found no one alive. The ship's records had been destroyed before her Commander left. Vol ordered her scuttled, and the frigate Centurion placed the charges on 8 February.

Inside the hearths

The prisoners taken from the Cocytus gave the Institute its first account of a hearth under fire. A hearth was commanded from a hall at its centre, where the Fleet Commander sat with the commanders of its decks. Orders to the projectors and the escorts passed out from the hall, and orders to the hall came from the General. When the Acheron broke, the Cocytus's hall held to its last order, which was to hold position and engage the enemy in front of it, and went on carrying it out. Her deck commanders recorded three requests to Hiverion for sanction to withdraw between 1200 and 1900. None was answered before the ship stopped firing.

The families lived in the inner decks, around the hall and under the heaviest part of the hull. On the prisoners' accounts most of the 20,000 survivors were found there. Most of the Legionaries aboard died at the projector mounts and in the drive section, where the rails and missiles struck.

Aftermath

Losses

The Navy dates the end of the battle to 1 February by the operation's orders, and holds Haedus's orbit from that date, though the last hearth's reduction ran into 3 February. The Confederacy lost four of the five hearths engaged, the Acheron among them, with 14 heavy cruisers, 22 light cruisers and 70 destroyers. On the Institute's count of the hearths' complements it lost 400,000 Voor, Legionaries and families, of whom the Navy recovered 26,000 from the wrecks.

The Grand Armada's losses were, in the histories' phrase, light, and the phrase has been argued over since. They were the battleships Orion and Osiris; the light cruiser Triarii; the frigates Charon, Cossack, Cicero and Calvary; the corvettes Zheng He, Yamamoto, de Avilés, Chernyshyov and Nelson, and the corvette McCain, scuttled afterwards; 900 strike craft; and 14,000 dead, Rear Admiral Tupou among them. Set beside 400,000 they were light. In hulls they were heavier than the Navy had lost in any engagement since the Massacre of the Rhine.

Survivors and prisoners

The 26,000 Voor recovered from the wrecks, 20,000 of them from the hearth that held, were the first Voor prisoners of the war. They were held at Cirban under the Navy's guard and the Institute's study, and the Institute's linguists took the first account of a hearth's internal order from them. The Navy returned the bodies it recovered to Indata Mog under a flag of truce in March 2334, an exchange the Legion accepted without reply.

The blockade of Indata Mog

Vol's fleet held Haedus's orbit from 1 February. Indata Mog, with 200 million Voor, a hearth in orbit and the Legion's Gulf headquarters, was blockaded. The road to Hiverion, one jump beyond it, was open. The planet and its last hearth fell in the Fall of New Indata Mog in September 2334.

The Legion's response

The Voor court's record, which the Institute read after the surrender, shows a High Command that spent February 2334 unable to say how the battle had happened. On the Institute's reading, the Voor began to reassess a doctrine that had not changed in nine centuries, and concluded that the Legion had not been concentrated enough. The Swur group's answer to that conclusion was the Second Battle of Media.

News at Sol

The first courier from Haedus reached Circumstance on 14 February 2334 and the Sun on 19 February. President Elliot O'Neil read Vol's dispatch to a joint session of the Chamber and the Senate at New Luxor on 20 February. The Chamber voted its thanks to the Grand Armada the same day, by 702 votes to 31. The press named the battle for the planet, as the fleet already had, and the name was in every edition at New Luxor by the 21st.

The casualty lists were published on 24 February. The loss of the Orion with 4,000 of her crew was the largest single loss of life the Navy had suffered since the Solar War. The Kingdom of Tonga declared three days of mourning for Rear Admiral Tupou.

Rear Admiral Tupou

Rear Admiral Prince George Tupou, a member of the royal house of Tonga, a state of the Pacific Union, commanded the 1st Battle Division of the Home Battle Force from the Orion. He was the first member of a reigning house to die in the Navy's service. His body was not recovered. A memorial to him and to the Orion's dead stands at Nuku'alofa.

Significance

The battle's effect was the war's. It was the first time the Legion's hearths had been defeated in a large engagement in the thousand years since the Fevarian wars. For the Grand Armada it was the turning point. It was also the proof, to a fleet that had believed its own doctrine and had never seen it work at scale, that a hearth could be killed by ships a thousandth of its mass if they came from three sides and the hearth waited for orders.

The battle confirmed the Institute's study in the one place it could not be tested before the war: under fire. The Fleet Commanders held their formation for two hours while it was destroyed, and the four hearths that outlived their General acted as four separate ships. The Navy's later operations against the Legion, at Exedor in 2336 and Leesak in 2337, were planned on the same principle: draw the hearths out, find the General, and strike from more than one direction.

The cost of the method also showed. The Maweer-pattern field held for fourteen minutes on the Orion against the twenty of the Consortium's tests, and both battleships lost were lost in the band between 200,000 and 80,000 kilometres, where they could be hit and could not answer. The Navy's battleship programme after 2334 was built around that band, and the strike craft that broke the screen became the arm the Grand Armada expanded fastest through the rest of the war.

Legacy

The Navy's histories call the battle the Mog, for the planet the fleet fought over, and the name has stuck. The Orion's name passed to the first battleship laid down after the battle, at Fortaleza in 2335. A memorial at Cirban station lists the 14,000 dead by ship. On the Voor side the battle has no name in the court's record. The Voor of Indata Mog keep 2 February as the day of the Acheron, the hearth that founded their world.

The debate over the histories' word "light" has outlasted the war. It turns on whether a victory that cost 14,000 lives and two battleships against 400,000 lives and four hearths can be called light in any measure but the comparison, and on what the Navy, which had been told what a hearth carried, knew of the families aboard when it built the battle around killing one.

Order of battle

Grand Armada

The Grand Armada at the Mog, 26 January to 2 February 2334. Grand Admiral Tyson Vol commanded from the carrier Glory.

Haedus group

The Haedus group of the Voor Legion at the Mog, 30 January to 2 February 2334. Reporting names are the Navy's; Voor names are as the Institute of Xenology renders them.

BOOK SOURCES

1. Solar Eternal, Part IX, §9.1 "Operation Mirage"
2. Solar Eternal, Part IX, §9.2 "Clash of Titans: The Battle of the Mog"
3. Solar Eternal, Fleet Reference 2333
4. Solar Eternal, Part VIII, §8.1 "War Plan Purple"